The answer
When God created humanity, He breathed life into the dust, and it became a living soul (cf. Genesis 2:7). The word "became" means the soul is the product of the union of the body and the spirit. Adam became the product of the entrance of God's spirit into the body, and the soul is the outcome of this union between the body and the spirit.At the time of death, the spirit separates from the body. The spirit is either transferred to the Paradise of Joy or to Hades (cf. Luke 16:19-31). The body returns to the dust and the soul, which is the product of the union of the body and spirit, dies or rather sleeps, until the Second Coming of our Lord Jesus Christ (cf. 1 Thessalonians 4:16) when the spirit returns to the body, and thus, the soul rises again.
Sometimes, soul and spirit are used interchangeably based on the context, but they are different. As humans, we have spirits, but at the same time we are not spirits. We also have souls and bodies. Angels are different because they are created as spirits of fire (Psalms 104:4). It is our spirits that long to connect with God, whereas the soul, additionally, is the animate life and base of the senses, affection, and desires, whether toward life or toward sin. In addition, there is division between the soul and the spirit. "For the word of God is living and powerful, and sharper than any two-edged sword, piercing even to the division of soul and spirit, and of joints and marrow, and is a discerner of the thoughts and intents of the heart" (Hebrews 4:12). The body is the shell tactically interacting with the world around us, encompasses the soul, which is the function of our emotions, mind, senses, and psyche. The soul encompasses the spirit, which is the connecting factor with God in the spiritual realm. Thus, as marrow supplies nourishment to the bones and body, so the spirit nourishes the soul and body. Throughout the Divine Liturgy, the priest says to the congregation, "The Lord be with you," and the congregation responds, "And also with your spirit." The spirit is the source of life and strength for the body and the soul. Finally, the Holy Scripture confirms that man is body, soul, and spirit. "Now may the God of peace Himself sanctify you completely; and may your whole spirit, soul, and body be preserved blameless at the coming of our Lord Jesus Christ" (1 Thessalonians 5:23).
The soul has three levels: senses, instincts, and intellect.
The souls of the plants have senses only.
The souls of the animals have senses and instincts only.
The souls of the humans have senses, instincts, and intellect. The intellect came from the breath of God that is the spirit that He breathed into the body.
So, when fathers speak about the death of the soul, they are referring to the soul which is the outcome of the union of the body and spirit.
When other fathers say that the soul does not die at all, they are using "the soul" to mean "the spirit" because these two words are used interchangeably in many references in the Scripture, as well as in the writings of the early Church Fathers.
Both St. Aphrahat and St. Ephraim the Syrian are recognized and revered amongst the early Church Fathers.
Answered by His Eminence Metropolitan Youssef (opens in a new tab)